Sometimes the judge was in the next county and the couple couldn't afford the trip. Sometimes the lady just ran off. Sometimes, war or the search for riches took the man to lands faraway.
In cases like these, a notice such as the one below would be posted in the local paper:
My wife, Nellie, has left my bed and board. I will not be responsible or will not pay any bills or accounts she may make. Alfred Pembroke.
Of course, notices such as these were rare and usually the subject of gossip for years to come. To this day, poor Alfred Pembroke cannot walk into the gospel mill without hushed whispers following him around. Then again, most people speak like that in church...